Investment

An international row between two of the world’s biggest oil producers – Saudi Arabia and Russia – has triggered a price war just at the time when the coronavirus crisis threatens the global economy.

Oil prices crashed by more than a fifth plunging and spurring a rush into government bonds as investors sought havens.

The FTSE 100 suffered its biggest intraday fall since 2008 this morning as the outbreak and plunging oil prices dragged the index below 6,000 points and sent stock global stock markets crashing.

London’s blue-chip index fell by as much as 8.7 per cent to just 5,899 points as it opened following a weekend of coronavirus turmoil.

It then rebounded slightly as traders scrambled to find their bearings, but stood 6.6 percent lower by 11.30am at 6,038 points.

The price of crude oil is about half the level it hit in early January.

The root cause of that is the coronavirus. It has hit demand for oil and some of the big exporters have been trying to stabilise its price. Last week a group of them discussed production cuts.

But the biggest producer among them, Russia refused and the oil price fell further.

Cheaper oil is obviously a benefit for users. Airlines have been hit by a decline in bookings, but cheaper fuel will offset that a little. And in time, there will be an impact on the price that motorists pay, although in many countries, including Britain, tax accounts for most of what they pay.

The Saudis are the biggest oil exporter in the world with the cheapest cost of production. The state-owned producer Aramco can get oil out of the group for less than $3 a barrel, which puts them in a stronger position to survive a price war.

But a prolonged battle would put pressure on even the Saudis’ finances, which is why they are keen to diversify their economy under ruler Mohammed Bin Salman’s Vision 2030 programme. Ratings agency Fitch estimates the Saudis need a price of $82 a barrel to balance the books.

What does it mean for the UK?

The UK is a net oil importer, so firms across the country will have cheaper production costs. Motorists should also feel the benefit at the forecourt, although the majority of a litre of petrol is made up of fuel duties and VAT.

A low oil price should provide a modest tailwind for an economy likely to be ravaged by coronavirus in the next few months. The Bank of England could soon be writing a letter to the Chancellor explaining why inflation is more than 1 percentage point below its official 2pc target.

Those of you reading this are probably already aware of the key benefits of a QROPS and who can have a QROPS (not only ex-pats but even UK residents). One of the unique benefits of a QROPS is that it does not have to be situated in the place you happen to be living at the time. Rather, transferring your UK pension into a QROPS enables you to choose the jurisdiction that will benefit you most now, in the future and in retirement.  There are a number of options to consider, and your choice of jurisdiction should be guided by the factors covered in our article on Top 3 UK Pension Transfers Destinations. Three of the most popular; Gibraltar, Malta and the Isle of Man predictably happen to be the three safest options. This article goes into more detail on Malta QROPS and the unique advantages of using Providers of Malta QROPS.

In the early days of QROPS Guernsey was the number one jurisdiction, however, HMRC delisted the 300 schemes in Guernsey after a new rule was brought in for QROPS, that is that the schemes must be open to local residents and not a system for UK ex-pats.  This opened the door for Malta pension providers with Malta’s strategy to build an economy based on international financial services. Malta now has 21 schemes and is considered as one of the top locations to transfer a pension for those living in the EEA.

Malta QROPS Changes

Discussing QROPS in Malta we need to understand some key benefits in order to understand ‘why Malta?’  A start point is to understand the New QROPS Malta Rules for 2017 to see if it is suitable for you and if it meets your personal and financial objectives:

• Clients need to be 55 before they can draw benefits, this is down from the old rule of 50.
• Clients must live within the EEA and if they leave within 5 years will be subject to the Overseas Transfer Charge of 25%.
• Flexible drawdown is available, similar to the UK, so you can take your pension in periodic lump sums, as an annual income, as a mix of the two or cash in your pension from age 55; tax will be due where you are resident when drawing benefits if there is a Double Taxation Agreement with Malta; if no DTA, you pay Maltese income tax on the QROPS.
• The tax-free lump sum allowed is 25% for clients wanting flexi drawdown.
• Tax rate will depend on where you are living when you decide to draw pension benefits. You will need to look into the Double Taxation Agreements between Malta and the country you reside in to see who gets the taxation rights.
• You then need to look into local personal income marginal tax rates and allowances to see what income tax is payable.
• You need to show proof of tax residence in your country of retirement if you want your QROPS in Malta to be paid out gross. A DTA also needs to exist. Otherwise, you will be taxed in Malta at Malta Tax Rate (personal income tax rates) of up to 35%.
• There is no tax on growth or death in Malta.
• You can invest in the currency of your choice, e.g. GBP, USD or EUR.
• You can invest in the investments of your choice: you can self direct, but you cannot self-manage. The pension trustees in Malta for your QROPS need to sign off on any changes, so you can’t just log-in and make changes like you can in a UK SIPP.
• If you move back to the UK, often your tax on death will be significantly less due to benefits are taken whilst abroad and time spent abroad. Any death taxes in the UK would also be based on the original transfer amount, not any gains.

Benefits of QROPS in Malta

• Strong Regulation -Maltese Financial Service Authority (MFSA) is the regulator and much of its rules are based on those of the old UK FSA and now the UK FCA. It has a robust EU compliant regulatory framework.  At the same time, the MFSA ensure that they support business encouraging innovation hence encouraging more providers and more competition and choice for prospective clients.
• Due Diligence – In order to gain approval from the MFSA, the providers of schemes have to go through an extensive due diligence process and must abide by the EU Capital Adequacy Rules
• Growth in Financial Services Sector – In recent years there has been 25% growth in Malta’s finance sector (Finance Malta 2017 Edition).
• English is the primary language of business in Malta making it easy to conduct business and no need for translation of documents saving costs and time.
• Tax Advantages – QROPS Malta Rates– British expats living abroad can now transfer their pensions to a QROPS Malta to avoid paying UK taxes as long as they remain tax resident outside the UK. A Qualifying Recognized Overseas Pension Scheme in Malta avoids up to 45% tax upon death imposed in the UK after age 75 and also avoids UK income taxes of up to 45% when drawing pension benefits. But you have to be careful of the Double Taxation Agreements with the country where you want to draw retirement benefits as you will want to make sure you don’t get hit with a high-income tax on remittance into the country you reside in. You also need to check if you will be taxed in Malta or your country of retirement. https://www.financemalta.org/sections/tax/income-tax-in-malta/
• 65 Dual Taxation Agreements – Malta currently has 65 Double Taxation Agreements with countries around the world (https://www.financemalta.org/double-taxation-agreements/), but you need to study each individual Double Taxation Agreement to understand where the tax liability is. The tax may be imposed in Malta, shared with Malta or be taxed in your country of residence at retirement. Gibraltar QROPS or a UK SIPP may be a better choice in many cases, particularly if you live in a country which does not have a Double Taxation Agreement (DTA) with Malta or you live outside the EEA. If there is no DTA with Malta in your country of residence, you would pay income tax in Malta on any retirement benefits you receive.
• Member of European Union and is on the OECD white list and has a dedicated pension regulator which all contribute to its excellent reputation for financial safety, prudence and responsibility. http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/Article/3536277/Malta-Malta-publishes-Common-Reporting-Standard-guidelines.html
• HMRC Co-operation – Because Maltese QROPS were originally designed according to British guidelines in co-operation with HMRC, this jurisdiction’s schemes benefit from having a similar foundation so generally easier to understand.
• Life Time Allowance – For those not yet retired who have large pensions pots there can be a danger that with additional pension contributions, the growth of the funds or the revaluation of DB schemes that scheme could exceed the lifetime allowance. By transferring to a QROPS the LTA is fixed at the time of transfer so future grows does not impact the percentage of LTA used by the scheme.
• Malta is a nice place to visit and easily accessible if you want to meet you provider face to face.

Some well-known providers of Malta Pensions and QROPS Solutions

• STM
• TMF
• Atom – Ex JTC
• Momentum
• Harbour
• Elmo
• MC Trustees
• Bourse

“The Pensions Regulator has revealed that 67,700 people transferred out of defined benefit pension schemes in the last year alone, as savers seek to take advantage of sky-high transfer values.”

In this article, we will look at issues regarding final salary pension transfer advice and defined benefit pension transfer advice.  We will describe examples of:

• Why people want to transfer from defined benefits pension schemes to defined contributions schemes (dc pension schemes)
• Which pensions can be transferred and which cannot
• Benefits of Transferring
• Benefits of NOT transferring
• Key factors that a pensions specialist must take into consideration
• Brief outline of the process and how Lawsons Equity Ltd can

It will provide a basis for comparing defined contribution vs defined benefit pension plans. 

Why Do People Want to Transfer Defined Benefit Pension to a SIPP or a QROPS

‘With increased pension flexibilities a greater number of clients are likely to find themselves considering some form of income withdrawal solution to their retirement income needs. With the availability of flexi-access drawdown (FAD) and its removal of the need to consider maximum GAD limits, the opportunity to take large, irregular and ad-hoc income payments creates further complexity in ensuring the sustainability of a client’s pension income.’ Just Retirement – Technical Bulletin – Critical Yield

People want advice and will want to transfer for different reasons, each person is different and we at Lawsons Equity Ltd treat each as different.  There are many factors that must be considered at the start, and these are covered in detail in our article on Top 3 Destinations for Pension Transfers.    These include attitude to risk, ability to absorb fluctuations in the value of the pension fund, personal circumstances, economic goals etc. Examples of why people want to transfer include;

• Flexibility over the nomination of beneficiaries, timings and benefit methods. With defined benefits (DB) schemes, beneficiaries may only be a spouse or civil partner, in some cases children up to 18 or 23 if in full-time education, or can prove they are dependent.
• In the case of single or divorced clients with no children, they may wish to transfer so that they can leave their pension to other relatives.
• Typically on the death of the pension holder, with DB schemes the beneficiaries get 50 or 60% of the pension benefits due to the pension holder. With a defined contribution scheme, the whole remaining pension pot can be left.  How it is treated for tax depends on the jurisdiction of the scheme and where the beneficiary is tax resident.  How pension pots are taxed on death are different for each jurisdiction and also depends where the beneficiaries are tax resident
• Potential lower taxes depending on where the client expects to be tax resident and type of scheme.
• Clients may wish to have more control over how their assets are invested thus giving them the prospect of greater capital and income payment (but understand this will bring greater risk). The current scheme may not reflect a client’s appetite for risk, benefits timing preferences or investment time horizon.
• Clients may want the ability to choose to convert the capital into an annuity at a more personally appropriate time and have potential to benefit from enhanced or impaired annuity subject to deterioration in health in later life. In summary, they want flexibility and more control.
• In some jurisdictions (i.e. Jersey) clients may want to take advantage of 30% tax-free cash lump sum payment versus 25% (if non-UK resident for more than 10 years);.
• Opportunity to retire before the normal retirement date of their current scheme should the client wish. Typically with a QROPS or a SIPP, retirement can be from age 55, in a few jurisdictions retirement can be at 50.
• Depending on the jurisdiction the client may elect to receive capped benefits between 0% and 150% of GAD between the ages of 55 to 75; it will give them more flexibility of drawdown to meet changing demands with age and changing lifestyle.
• Clients may wish to take advantage of current annuity rates /gilt yields because they think they may be higher when they decide to take benefits and so the cost of securing the same level of income in the future could be less.
• If clients are leaving the UK and will become tax resident in other countries they may want to take their pension in another currency to reduce currency risk.
• Leave UK tax environment
• Lock in high transfer value due to low-interest rates
• Removal of life expectancy gamble associated with Defined Benefit schemes
• Also if retiring abroad, there may be inheritance tax considerations to transferring a pension. 

Which pensions can be transferred and which cannot

If you’re in what’s called an ‘unfunded’ public sector pension scheme, you won’t be able to transfer your pension. Examples of an unfunded public sector pension scheme are the Teachers Scheme and the NHS scheme.

You will be able to transfer your pension if you’re in a:

• Private sector defined benefit scheme sometimes called final salary schemes or
• Funded public sector pension scheme (such as the local government pension)

Benefits of Transferring

Not all benefits will apply to all clients, some depend on the jurisdiction of the new scheme, the tax residency and domicility of the client, where funds are remitted to, etc.

• With flexible drawdown clients can control the rate at which they withdraw funds to optimize their tax situation and to match their lifestyle changes over time.
• In some countries, clients can take advantage of the lower taxes provided that they are a tax resident but we are not tax advisors so clients must ensure that they will not be treated as a UK tax resident (see below section on tax).
• 30% tax-free cash lump sum payment (depending on jurisdiction) versus 25% (if non-UK resident for more than 10 years);
• If client dies before they reach the age of 75 and before taking any benefit (uncrystallised), they will be able to pass the value of their defined contribution pension interests as a lump sum completely tax-free.
• They can select who they wish to nominate as their beneficiaries.
• Pre-age 75, they can decide when to draw benefits and how much up to a statutory maximum each year.
• Clients can elect drawdown or purchase an annuity with their new pension fund assets at a time that suits them better, perhaps when rates are more favorable. Annuity rates/gilt yields may be higher when they decide to take benefits and so the cost of securing the same level of income could be less;
• Potential to benefit from enhanced or impaired annuity subject to deterioration in health in later life;
• Clients can select where and how they invest; i.e. what asset class, what funds etc. So that they can take back control and have the potential to generate greater longer-term gains.

Benefits of NOT Transferring out

• Reduced exposure to investment, inflation and longevity risks.
• Direct costs and more complexity than a lifetime annuity.
• The value of investment capital and/or the income produced may fall as well as rise;
• There is no guarantee that annuity rates will improve in the future. If you choose to purchase an annuity, the level of pension you receive when you purchase the annuity may be lower or higher than the pension available under ‘income drawdown’;
• Receiving benefits from your personal pension may erode the capital value, especially if investment returns are poor and a high level of income is taken. If income withdrawals near, or are at, the maximum permitted are taken, such income withdrawals may not be sustainable. The higher the pension withdrawals you choose to receive, the higher the probability that your pension benefits may reduce in the future;
• The lifespan of a member of a personal pension and the investment performance of the assets held in a personal pension are impossible to predict. As a result, once a member has started to draw down benefits from their personal pension and depending on the level of benefits paid, the assets in the pension may be exhausted before the death of the member.
• There is no guarantee that annuity rates will improve in the future. If you choose to purchase an annuity, the level of pension you receive when you purchase the annuity may be lower or higher than the pension available under ‘income drawdown’;
• A small number of defined benefit schemes have safeguards or guarantees that cannot be achieved in a defined contribution scheme. For example, some schemes allow members to take the pension after age 50, this is not available in any scheme that is currently available to transfer into.  Of course, the value of the pension would be reduced based on the recommendation of the Scheme’s actuary to reflect the increased number of years the pension would be paid.

Key factor that a pensions specialist must be considered

All the factors in our article on the Top 3 Destinations for Pension Transfers, however a small number of key ones are here:

• Attitude to risk.
• Your defined benefit pension value. Capital Equivalent Transfer Value (CETV).
• Ability to absorb losses and/or accept variations up and down of the value of the new pension fund.
• The funding status of your current DB pension scheme.
• Cash flow to reduce the probability that you might ‘run out’ of funds if you draw down at too fast a rate.
• The cost to buy the same benefits as the DB scheme with another scheme
• Your financial and personal objectives.
• In general the suitability of the proposed new pension in the light of your personal and economic circumstances and what you want to achieve.
• The total cost (setup, IFAs fees, annual management fees etc) of the new scheme and underlying assets 

Brief outline of the process and How can Lawsons Equity help.

The process is straightforward but not simple. There are many dangers including the risk of pension scam, making illegal transfers that later lead to your fund being taxed as a non-qualified fund.  Lawsons Equity will work with your pension administrator to get the information needed for the analysis.  They will spend the time to understand your personal and economic objectives and your situation.  From this, they will develop a proposal with you for what type of pensions suits your needs, what underlying investments can help you meet your objectives and arrange financial advice from an FCA regulated pension specialist if required. Then once you have an agreed plan we will take responsibility for its implementation.  We are fully regulated and abide by the Malta Financial Service Authority code of ethics, our cost will be given up front, and we will treat you as an individual.

Shares (Equities) are issued by companies to raise capital or financing from investors. When you buy a company’s shares, you become a shareholder of the company. Shareholders are usually entitled to a share of any dividends that are declared and paid.

If the company you have invested in is wound up or liquidated, you are entitled to any assets that remain only after the company’s creditors have been paid. Many investors are concerned about the potential volatility of shares but as the chart below shows, even when there has been significant financial, political and economic problems in the world over the longer term they generally return good growth:

There are broadly two classes of shares – ordinary or common shares and preference or preferred shares. In this guide, we use “shares” to refer to ordinary shares.

Ordinary shareholders have a right to attend and vote at general meetings on matters such as a major acquisition/disposal or the appointment of directors.

A general meeting provides a forum for you to engage the company’s board/senior management and voice your views on matters affecting the company.

Shareholders earn returns when they receive dividends and if they decide to sell their shares when the price of the shares gain in value.

Dividends are paid out of the company’s profits.

Not all the profits may be distributed. Companies may choose to re-invest profits generated from their operations into their business. A company’s share price reflects, amongst others, its growth prospects and future earning potential.

Investors buy shares in the expectation that the share price will rise. Some may also buy shares as a hedge against inflation or for dividend income.

Share prices are driven by economic and market conditions, as well as industry and company specific conditions. Much of the price movement of a share may be explained by how the overall market is performing.

But not all shares react in the same way to the same set of economic, market or business conditions. Shares are often sorted into categories based on the characteristics they have, for example some shares may be referred to blue chips, or be perceived to have growth or cyclical tendencies.

Such categorisation is based on market convention and may change over time. A company’s market capitalisation is the total market value of its shares.

Shares may also be sorted by market capitalisation, for example, small aps, mid-caps and large caps. What constitutes a small, mid or large cap depends on the particular market you are interested in. Stocks with smaller market capitalisation may be newer companies, and not very well-researched.